Método indirecto para la verificación del intervalo de referencia del perfil lipídico / Indirect method for the verification of the lipid profile reference range

Introducción: La dislipidemia es uno de los problemas más frecuentes en los niños y adolescentes y su estudio es importante debido a su fuerte correlación con la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica en adultos. Muchos países desarrollaron valores de referencia nacionales investigando los lípidos séricos utilizando datos basados en la población nacional propia. Nuestro objetivo fue verificar el intervalo de referencia del perfil lipídico calculando las curvas de percentiles a través del método indirecto en nuestra población pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron los resultados de nuestra base de datos utilizando el método indirecto. Luego de aplicar filtros y criterios de exclusión se calcularon los percentiles 25, 50, 75, 95 y 99 para colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (C-HDL), colesterol no HDL (C-no-HDL), triglicéridos (TG) y colesterol LDL (C-LDL) y para el C-HDL además se calculó el percentil 10. El valor de referencia para el cambio (RCV) se utilizó para determinar si existía diferencia clínicamente significativa entre los valores de percentiles obtenidos y los utilizados en el consenso de la SAP. Resultados: No se evidenció diferencia clínicamente significativa contra los valores propuesto por la SAP, excepto para los TG para las edades 1,5,7 años en el percentil 95 y para la edad de 8 años en el percentil 75 y 95; para el C-HDL en el percentil 10 para las edades 1,16 y 17 años. Discusión: Se obtuvieron los percentiles de los lípidos y se compararon con los valores de referencia utilizados por el consenso en el que están basados las guías (AU)

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is one of the most common problems in children and adolescents and its study is important because of its strong correlation with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Many countries have developed national reference values investigating serum lipids using data based on their own national population. Our aim was to verify the lipid profile reference range by calculating percentile curves through the indirect method in our pediatric population. Materials and methods: The results of our database were analyzed using the indirect method. After applying filters and exclusion criteria, the 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th, and 99th percentiles were calculated for total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C); for HDL-C, the 10th percentile was also calculated. The reference change values (RCV) were used to determine whether there was a clinically significant difference between the percentile values obtained and those used in the consensus of the Argentine Association of Pediatrics (SAP). Results: There was no clinically significant difference with the values proposed by the SAP, except for TG for ages 1, 5, and 7 years at the 95th percentile and for age 8 years at the 75th and 95th percentile; and for HDL-C at the 10th percentile for ages 1, 16, and 17 years. Discussion: Lipid percentiles were obtained and compared with the reference values used by the consensus on which the guidelines are based (AU)

Effect of volume of participation in exercise programs on biochemical parameters of women / Efeito do volume de participação em programas de exercícios nos parâmetros bioquímicos de mulheres

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the volume of participation in exercise programs offered in Primary Health Care (PHC), for 24 weeks on blood biochemical parameters of adult women. Three Basic Health Units in Rio Claro City (São Paulo) were selected and 2 exercise inter-ventions were implemented with different volumes (3 weekly sessions, 90 minutes each; 2 weekly sessions, 60 minutes each). In total, 53 participants remained until the end of the interventions. Regardless of their number of absences, they were divided into 4 groups, according to the volume of participation (calculated individually according to the duration of sessions and the number of classes held), forming groups according to quartiles: Low Volume Group (LVG; 57.62 ± 9.97 years-old), Low Medium Volume Group (LMVG; 56.31 ± 12.18 years-old), High Medium Volume Group (HMVG; 53.00 ± 10.25 years-old), and High-Volume Group (HVG; 59.69 ± 7.66 years-old). Blood biochemical parameters were dosed using the ELISA method. The Generalized Estimation Equa-tion Model was used to compare the biochemical parameters (time, group, and interaction; p ≤ 0.05). The analysis showed significant and positive time effect for low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and glycemia in all groups and for total cholesterol (TC) in LVG, LMVG and HMVG; a significant group effect for HVG on TC (higher levels compared to all other groups) and LDL (higher levels compared to LVG and LMVG). It is concluded that the physical exercise programs offered in the PHC contributed to a significant reduction in LDL and blood glucose levels, regardless of the vol-ume of participation of individuals in the programs

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do volume de participação em programas de exercícios, ofer-tados na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), durante 24 semanas, nos parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos de mulheres adultas. Foram selecionadas 03 Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Rio Claro-São Paulo e implementa-das 2 intervenções de exercícios com diferentes volumes (3 sessões/semana, 90 minutos cada; 2 sessões/semana, 60 minutos cada). No total, 53 participantes se mantiveram até o final das intervenções, independentemente do número de faltas foram divididos em 4 grupos, de acordo com o volume de participação (calculado con-forme a duração das sessões e a quantidade de aulas realizadas de forma individual), formando os grupos segundo os quartis: Grupo Baixo Volume (GBV; 57,62 ± 9,97 anos), Grupo Baixo Médio Volume (GBMV; 56,31 ± 12,18 anos), Grupo Médio Alto Volume (GMAV; 53,00 ± 10,25 anos) e Grupo Alto Volume (GAV; 59,69 ± 7,66 anos). Os parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos foram dosados pelo método ELISA. Foi utilizado o Modelo de Equações de Estimações Generalizadas para a comparação dos parâmetros bioquímicos (tempo, grupo e interação; p ≤ 0,05). A análise evidenciou efeito significativo favorável do tempo para lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) e glicemia em todos os grupos e para colesterol total (CT) no GVB, GBMV e GMAV; e efeito significativo do grupo para GAV no CT (maiores níveis comparado a todos os grupos) e LDL (maiores níveis comparados ao GBV e GBMV ). Conclui-se que o programa de exercício físico ofertado na APS contribuiu para a redução significativa dos níveis de LDL e glicemia, independentemente do volume de participação dos indivíduos nos programas

Synthesis and In Vivo Hypolipidemic Effect of Some N-(Benzoylphenyl)-Carboxamide Derivatives in Triton WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

A series of N-(benzoylphenyl)-carboxamide derivatives (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b) was prepared with good yields by reacting the corresponding carbonyl chlorides with aminobenzophenones at room temperature. This was followed by evaluating the hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of 3b, 5a and 5b. Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to overnight-fasted rats to induce hyperlipidemia. Rats were divided into six groups: control, hyperlipidemic, hyperlipidemic plus compounds 3b, 5a and 5b and hyperlipidemic plus bezafibrate. Results showed that after 18 h of treatment at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of each of the test compounds, the elevated plasma levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lowered by compounds 5b and 3b (p < 0.001) and by 5a (p < 0.0001), compared to the hyperlipidemic control group. Compounds 3b and 5a significantly increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 58 and 71%, respectively. In addition, compounds 3b and 5a caused significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared to the control group. These results suggest a promising potential for compounds 3b, 5a and 5b as lipid-lowering agents, which may contribute to reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

Variáveis clínicas consideradas fatores de risco para a síndrome metabólica: um estudo transversal / Variables clínicas consideradas factores de riesgo para síndrome metabólico: un estudio transversal / Clinical variables considered risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar os principais fatores de risco para a síndrome metabólica e sua relação com a percepção da qualidade de vida em colônias pesqueiras brasileiras. Métodos Incluímos 77 participantes com idade > 18 anos. Síndrome metabólica e qualidade de vida foram os principais desfechos do estudo. Consideramos nível de significância < 0,05 e todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo comitê de ética. Resultados A maioria dos participantes é do sexo masculino, solteiros, classe econômica D-E, carga horária trabalhada de 6 a 8 horas, tempo de serviço de 1 a 5 anos e dedicados exclusivamente à pesca. Conclusão: Perímetro abdominal e pressão arterial foram os critérios mais frequentes e de maior contribuição para a síndrome metabólica. Apesar de a qualidade de vida apresentar maior escore para o domínio relações sociais, neste estudo, o domínio físico foi o único associado a outra observação, na qual observamos correlação significativa com a pressão arterial sistólica.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los principales factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico y su relación con la percepción de la calidad de vida en las colonias pesqueras brasileñas. Métodos se incluyeron 77 participantes mayores de 18 años. El síndrome metabólico y la calidad de vida fueron los principales resultados del estudio. Se consideró un nivel de significancia <0.05 y todos los procedimientos fueron aprobados por el comité de ética. Resultados La mayoría de los participantes son hombres, solteros, clase económica D-E, jornada laboral de 6 a 8 horas, antigüedad de 1 a 5 años y dedicados exclusivamente a la pesca. Conclusión La circunferencia de la cintura y la presión arterial fueron los criterios más frecuentes y la mayor contribución al síndrome metabólico. Aunque la calidad de vida tuvo una puntuación más alta para el dominio de relaciones sociales, en este estudio, el dominio físico fue el único asociado con otra observación, en la que observamos una correlación significativa con la presión arterial sistólica.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the main risk factors for metabolic syndrome and its relationship with the perception of quality of life in Brazilian fishing colonies. Methods We included 77 participants aged > 18 years. Metabolic syndrome and quality of life were the main study outcomes. We considered a significance level < 0.05 and all procedures were approved by the ethics committee. Results Most participants are male, single, economic class D-E, working hours of 6 to 8 hours, length of service from 1 to 5 years, and dedicated exclusively to fishing. Conclusion Abdominal perimeter and blood pressures were the most frequent criteria and the greatest contribution to metabolic syndrome. Although quality of life had a higher score for the social relationship domain, in this study, the physical domain was the only one associated with another observation, in which we observed a significant correlation with systolic blood pressure.

Adiposidad abdominal y resistencia a la insulina al finalizar el primer trimestre de la gestación / Abdominal Adiposity and Insulin Resistance at the End of the First Trimester of Gestation

Introducción: La adiposidad central como factor desencadenante de resistencia a la insulina precoz constituye una amenaza potencial de riesgo metabólico y cardiovascular en el embarazo. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad discriminante de las grasas abdominales sobre la resistencia a la insulina, diagnosticada por el índice triglicéridos/glucosa-IMC al finalizar el primer trimestre del embarazo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de 526 gestantes con embarazo simple y edad gestacional entre 12 y 13 semanas, entre los años 2016 y 2020. Se estudió el test de triglicéridos/glucosa-IMC y las grasas abdominales por ultrasonido. Se utilizaron las curvas ROC (Receiver operating characteristic Curve) para discriminar la resistencia a la insulina al finalizar el primer trimestre de la gestación, cuando aumentan las grasas abdominales. Resultados: La grasa subcutánea fue la que presentó mayor área bajo la curva en la discriminación de la resistencia a la insulina, con un nivel de sensibilidad y especificidad aceptable. Conclusiones: La grasa subcutánea, aunque con bajo valor discriminativo, puede considerarse como augurio de resistencia a la insulina y de diabetes gestacional. Se requiere profundizar en el estudio de las grasas abdominales dado el conocimiento de su impacto en los desórdenes metabólicos en el curso avanzado de la gestación(AU)

Introduction: Central adiposity as a triggering factor for early insulin resistance is a potential threat of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in pregnancy. Objective: To determine the discriminating capacity of abdominal fat over insulin resistance, diagnosed by the triglyceride/glucose-BMI index at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: An analytical and observational study was carried out with 526 pregnant women of singleton pregnancy and gestational age between twelve and thirteen weeks, between 2016 and 2020. The triglyceride/glucose-BMI test was studied, together with abdominal fats by ultrasound. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves were used to discriminate insulin resistance at the end of the first trimester of gestation, when abdominal fats increase. Results: Subcutaneous fat presented the highest area under the curve in the discrimination of insulin resistance, with an acceptable level of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Subcutaneous fat, although with low discriminative value, can be considered as a harbinger of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes. Further study of abdominal fat is required, given the knowledge of its impact on metabolic disorders in late gestation(AU)

The effect of kefir consumption on the lipid profile for individuals with normal and dyslipidemic properties: a randomized controlled trial / O efeito do consumo de kefir no perfil lipídico em indivíduos com propriedades normais e dislipidêmicas: um ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective This research was conducted as a prospective, self-controlled, eight-week clinical trial to investigate the effect of kefir consumption on the lipid profile of individuals with normal and dyslipidemic properties. Methods Kefir microorganisms given to volunteer subjects were determined using classical microbial count methods and qReal-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. The study was carried out with 23 volunteer hospital health personnel between the ages of 20 and 55 who met the research criteria and did not have any health problems. The volunteers regularly consumed kefir on an empty stomach for four weeks. In the last stage, the eight-week study was completed by making blood and anthropometric measurements of the subjects, who continued to be studied without kefir consumption for four more weeks. Results Considering the changes in the serum lipid profiles of 13 individuals with dyslipidemic symptoms during the 4-week period they consumed kefir, Total Cholesterol values decreased by 9.15% compared to initial values, LDL-Cholesterol values decreased by 10.64%, HDL-Cholesterol values decreased by 6.9%, and triglyceride values decreased by 2.46%. The changes in the serum lipid profiles of 13 individuals with dyslipidemic findings at the end of an eight-week study were a 5.71% decrease in total cholesterol values (p<0.018) considered statistically significant, as well as a 5.31% decrease in LDL-Cholesterol values (p<0.021); the HDL-Cholesterol results were found to be significant with an 8.58% decrease in the values (p<0.035) and insignificant with a 17.21% increase in the triglyceride values (p<0.926). We concluded that regular kefir consumption was effective in both women and men in lowering total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol from blood lipid profiles, especially in individuals with dyslipidemic symptoms, while this effect was not observed in normal individuals. Conclusion Kefir can positively affect the total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol blood parameters of dyslipidemic individuals with high serum lipid values.

RESUMO Objetivo Esta pesquisa foi conduzida como um ensaio clínico prospectivo e autocontrolado de oito semanas para investigar o efeito do consumo de kefir no perfil lipídico de indivíduos com propriedades normais e dislipidêmicas. Métodos Microrganismos kefir dados a voluntários foram determinados usando métodos clássicos de contagem microbiana e de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. O estudo foi conduzido em 23 profissionais de saúde de hospitais voluntários, com idades entre 20 e 55 anos, que atendiam aos critérios da pesquisa e não apresentavam problemas de saúde. Os voluntários consumiram kefir com o estômago vazio regularmente durante quatro semanas. No último estágio, o estudo de oito semanas foi concluído com medidas de sangue e antropométricas dos indivíduos, que continuaram a ser avaliados sem consumo de kefir por mais quatro semanas. Resultados Considerando as mudanças nos perfis lipídicos séricos de 13 indivíduos com sintomas dislipidêmicos durante o período de quatro semanas em que consumiram kefir, os valores de colesterol total diminuíram em 9,15% em comparação com os valores iniciais; os valores de LDL-Colesterol diminuíram em 10,64%, os valores de HDL-Colesterol diminuíram em 6,9% e os valores de triglicerídeos diminuíram em 2,46%. Ao final de um estudo de oito semanas, o resultado foi considerado estatisticamente significativo, com queda de 5,71% nos valores de colesterol total (p<0,018); de 5,31% nos valores de Colesterol-LDL (p<0,021) e de 8,58% nos valores de HDL-Colesterol (p <0,035), e insignificantes com aumento de 17,21% nos valores de triglicerídeos (p<0,926). Como resultado do estudo, concluiu-se que o consumo regular de kefir foi eficaz em mulheres e homens na redução do colesterol total e do LDL-Colesterol dos perfis de lipídios no sangue, especialmente em indivíduos com sintomas dislipidêmicos, enquanto esse efeito não foi observado em indivíduos normais. Conclusão O kefir pode afetar positivamente os parâmetros sanguíneos do colesterol total e do LDL-Colesterol de indivíduos dislipidêmicos com altos valores de lipídios séricos.

Verificación y transferencia de intervalos de referencia de variables bioquímicas de rutina / Verification and transfer of reference intervals of routine biochemical variables

Introducción. El correcto análisis en la interpretación de los resultados de cualquier analito biológico es esencial para la salud del paciente y está fuertemente ligado a contrastar dichos resultados con los intervalos biológicos referenciales que estén acorde a la población que está siendo analizada diariamente. El objetivo de este artículo, fue establecer intervalos referenciales (IR) en adultos para glicemia, urea, creatinina, ácido úrico, colesterol total y triglicéridos en un laboratorio clínico y comparar los valores obtenidos con los incluidos en los insertos para ese rango de edad. Metodología. La población fue de 561 adultos de ambos sexos, aparentemente sanos, que acudieron a Biomasterclin Laboratorio en Valencia, Venezuela, y cuyas edades fueron de 57,1±18,1 años. Resultados. Los IR obtenidos fueron glicemia 63,0-108,8 mg/dL, urea 17,7-54,9 mg/dL, creatinina 0,60-1,41 mg/dL, ácido úrico 0,89-7,26 mg/dL, colesterol total 78,5-251,1 mg/dL y triglicéridos 39,5-176,0 mg/dL. Los IR propuestos por la casa comercial empleada para la determinación de la glicemia y la creatinina pudieron ser transferidos a la población evaluada, mientras que el resto de los IR no. Conclusión. Debido a las diferencias que se presentan entre los IR en los estuches comerciales comparados con los de la población de individuos que acuden a los laboratorios clínicos, se hace necesario establecer IR para ser empleados en cada laboratorio clínico

The correct analysis in the interpretation of the results of any biological analyte is essential for the health of the patient and it is strongly linked to comparing those results with reference ranges that are in accordance with the population that is being analyzed on a daily basis. The objective of this study was to establish reference ranges in adults for glycemia, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol and triglycerides in a clinical laboratory and compare the values obtained with those included in the inserts for the corresponding age group. Methodology. The population consisted of 561 apparently healthy adults of both sexes that attended Biomasterclin Laboratorio in Valencia, Venezuela, whose ages were 57.1±18.1 years. Results. The reference ranges obtained for glycemia were 63.0- 108.8 mg/dL, urea 17.7-54.9 mg/dL, creatinine 0.60-1.41 mg/dL, uric acid 0.89- 726 mg/dL, total cholesterol 78.5-251.1 mg/dL and triglycerides 39.5-176.0 mg/ dL. The reference ranges proposed by the commercial kits used for the determination of glycemia and creatinine could be transferred to the evaluated population, while the rest of the reference ranges could not. Conclusion. Due to the differences that occur between the reference ranges in commercial kits compared to those of the population of individuals who attend clinical laboratories, it is necessary to establish reference values in each clinical laboratory

Correlation of serum lipids levels of Alzheimer's disease patients with sex, age and apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To explore the correlation of serum lipids levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with sex, age and apolipoprotein E (Apo E) gene polymorphism. Methods: The retrospective study method was used, and 407 AD patients (142 males and 265 females, aged 52-91 years) were selected from Beijing Tiantan Hospital from January 2015 to August 2021 as the research target, and 894 healthy persons (339 males and 555 females, aged 52-94 years) who did body examination were selected as the control group. The AD patients were divided into four age groups according to the age interval of 10 years, including 85 aged 50-59 years, 163 aged 60-69 years, 119 aged 70-79 years, and 40 aged more than 80 years. The serum lipids levels were detected by biochemical analyzer, including triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHO), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoproteinA1(Apo A1) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B). ApoE gene polymorphism were detected by PCR fluorescent probe method. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare the serum lipids levels in each group. Results: The levels of serum CHO and LDL-C were 3.30(1.41,4.82) mmol/L and 1.76(1.39,2.78) mmol/L in AD patients, and 4.84(4.24, 5.56) mmol/L and 2.91(2.36, 3.57) mmol/L in control group, and the levels of serum CHO and LDL-C of AD patients were significantly lower than control group (Z=-15.172,Z=-14.583 , P<0.001, P<0.001). The levels of serum HDL-C and Apo B were 1.84(1.30, 3.88) mmol/L and 1.17(0.85, 1.57) g/L in AD patients, and 1.39(1.18, 1.64) mmol/L and 0.93(0.81, 1.09) g/L in control group, and the levels of serum HDL-C and Apo-B of AD patients were significantly higher than control group (Z=-12.249 , Z=-9.706 , P<0.001, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in TG and Apo A1 between 2 groups (Z=-1.577 , Z=-0.408 , P=0.115, P=0.683). The levels of TG, CHO, LDL-C in female AD patients were significantly higher than male patients (Z=-2.737 , Z=-3.963 , Z=-4.417, P=0.006, P<0.001, P<0.001). There were significant differences in TG, CHO, HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo A1 and Apo B among AD patients of all age groups (Z=11.263 , Z=10.060 , Z=40.246 , Z=10.451 , Z=24.315 , Z=19.922 , P=0.010 , P=0.018 , P<0.001 , P=0.015 , P<0.001 , P<0.001). The serum CHO and LDL-C levels were positively correlated with age (rs=0.160, rs=0.174, P=0.001, P<0.001), and HDL-C, Apo A1 and Apo B levels were negatively correlated with age (rs=-0.312, rs=-0.272, rs=-0.146, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.003), and there was no correlation between TG level and age in AD patients (rs=0.086, P=0.082). There were 3 cases (3.33%) of E2, 43 cases of E3 (47.78%) and 44 cases of E4 (48.89%) in AD patients, and 22 cases (12.72%) of E2, 117 cases of E3 (67.63%) and 34 cases of E4 (19.65%) in control group. There was significant difference in Apo E genotype distribution between AD patients and control group (χ²=26.381 , P<0.001). Apo E4 was the most common genotype in AD patients, and the proportion was 48.89%. Except for Apo A1(Z=7.821 , P=0.020), there was no significant difference in TG, CHO, HDL-C, LDL-C and Apo B levels among all patients with different genotypes (Z=3.732 , Z=1.677 , Z=1.455 , Z=1.619 , Z=2.202 , P=0.155, P=0.432, P=0.483, P=0.445, P=0.333). Conclusion: The levels of CHO and LDL-C decreased while the levels of HDL-C and Apo B increased in AD patients. The dyslipidemia in AD patients might be correlated with age, but not sex and Apo E genotypes.

Optimal Cutoff of the TG/HDL-c ratio for Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients Monitored by Primary Health Care in a city in Minas Gerais

Abstract Background The analysis of the atherogenic potential of the lipid profile for biomarkers, such as the TG/HDL-c ratio, predicts cardiovascular risk better than isolated lipids. Objective To identify the TG/HDL-c cutoff points for multiple risks (hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, obesity) and to evaluate the association between sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, anthropometric, and life habit variables and the TG/HDL-c ratio in hypertensive and/or diabetic individuals in the context of Primary Health Care. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with 833 hypertensive and/or diabetic patients, conducted between August 2017 and April 2018. The cutoff point of the TG/HDL-c were obtained by the ROC curve. Cardiovascular risk was discriminated by TG/HDL-c, categorized by the cutoff and evaluated in relation to multiple risks. The magnitude of the association between TG/HDL-c and independent variables was estimated by logistic regression. The significance level of p<0.05 was adopted for all tests. Results The cutoff values of TG/HDL-c (3.26 for men and 2.72 for women) were more sensitive and less specific than those in the literature. Women (OR=1.90 and 95% CI 1.13-3.20) and men (OR=4.58 and 95% CI 1.78-11.76) with multiple risks, and white men, alcohol users, with a history of stroke, had a higher chance of altered GT/HDL-c. Increases in glycosylated hemoglobin, glycemia, and phosphorus in women, and cholesterol, glycemia, and microalbuminuria in men increased the chances of altered TG/HDL-c. Being a former smoker and black reduced the chance of altered TG/HDL-c in women. Conclusions TG/HDL-c proved to be a good indicator for habitual use in Primary Care.

Efecto de la inhibición de la proteína símil angiopoyetina tipo 3 (ANGPTL3): utilidad para el tratamiento de las dislipemias graves / Angiopoietin-like type 3 (angptl) inhibition: its role in the treatment of severe dyslipidemia

Las variantes de ANGPTL3 con pérdida de función están asociadas con efectos beneficiosos sobre el metabolismo lipídico y de carbohidratos y con riesgo reducido de enfermedad coronaria. Los cambios beneficiosos en los parámetros lipídicos que se obtienen con la inhibición de ANGPTL3 junto con la reducción en aterosclerosis que se observa en modelos animales y en estudios epidemiológicos de genética humana hacen de ANGPTL3 un nuevo objetivo terapéutico para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Dos estrategias novedosas han surgido para inhibir esta proteína: un anticuerpo monoclonal y un oligonucleótido antisentido, con capacidad para reducir tanto el colesterol como los triglicéridos plasmáticos en forma notoria. Aunque el horizonte es promisorio, todavía no sabemos si los efectos de una variante presente desde el comienzo de la vida serán reproducidos por la inhibición de esta proteína que se realiza más tarde en la vida a través de una intervención farmacológica. (AU)

Loss-of-function ANGPTL3 variants are associated with beneficial effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and reduced risk of coronary heart disease. The beneficial changes in lipid parameters obtained by ANGPTL3 inhibition together with atheroprotection observed in animal models and in epi-demiological studies of human genetics make ANGPTL3 a new therapeutic target to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Two novel strategies have emerged to inhibit this protein: a monoclonal antibody and an antisense oligonucleotide, with the ability to significantly lower plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Although the horizon is promising, we still do not know if the effects of a variant present from the beginning of life will be reproduced by the inhibition of this protein that takes place later in life through a pharmacological intervention. (AU)

Efeitos de diferentes métodos de treinamento na melhora dos indicadores cardiometabólicos em corredores recreacionais: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of different training methods in improving cardiometabolic indicators in recreational runners: a systematic review

: O exercício físico, em especial a corrida de rua tem sido recomendada para prevenção e tratamento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de treinamento sobre os indicadores cardiometabólicos de corredores recreacionais. As bases de dados eletrônicas utilizadas na presente pesquisa foram: PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS e COCHRANE LIBRARY, usando os descritores agrupados segundo o método PICO; População ("adults" OR "young adult" OR "middle aged") AND Intervenção ("endurance training" OR "aerobic training" OR "running") OR Comparação ("recreational runners" OR "jogging") AND Outcome/Desfecho ("cardiovascular risk factors" OR "cardiometabolic risk factors" OR "metabolic syndrome"). Na seleção os artigos foram excluídos por título, resumo e texto. Obteve-se um total de 813 artigos encontrados, no qual nove (9) preencheram os critérios de inclusão e baixo risco de viés de acordo com a Escala Testex. Foram encontrados três métodos de treinamento: Combinado (Contínuo +Intervalado); Contínuo e Intervalado. Considerando a somatória das amostras dos nove estudos, um total de 604 indivíduos (466 homens e 138 mulheres) participaram dos ensaios. Os diferentes métodos de treinamentos resultaram na redução dos níveis de triglicerídeos, insulina e glicose e na redução do colesterol total e LDL, e consequentemente o aumento do HDL. Na composição corporal houve diminuição significativa do peso e da gordura corporal, do IMC, na medida da circunferência da cintura, e no aumento da capacidade aeróbia (VO2). Concluiu-se que os treinamentos combinado, contínuo e intervalado podem ser aplicados para melhora dos indicadores cardiometabólicos, cada um dentro da sua especificidade de frequência, volume e intensidade.(AU)

Physical exercise, especially running, has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective of this systematic review was to verify the effects of different training methods on the cardiometabolic indicators of recreational runners. The electronic databases used in the present research were: PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS and COCHRANE LIBRARY, using the descriptors grouped according to the PICO method; Population ("adults" OR "young adult" OR "middle aged") AND Intervention ("endurance training" OR "aerobic training" OR "running") OR Comparison ("recreational runners" OR "jogging") AND Outcome / Outcome ("Cardiovascular risk factors" OR "cardiometabolic risk factors" OR "metabolic syndrome"). In the selection, articles were excluded by title, abstract and text. A total of 813 articles were obtained, in which nine (9) met the inclusion criteria and low risk of bias according to the Testex Scale. Three training methods were found: Combined (Continuous + Interval); Continuous and Interval. Considering the sum of the samples from the nine studies, a total of 604 individuals (466 men and 138 women) participated in the trials. The different training methods resulted in a reduction in the levels of triglycerides, insulin and glucose and in the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL, and consequently an increase in HDL. In body composition, there was a significant decrease in weight and body fat, in BMI, as measured by waist circumference, and in increased aerobic capacity (VO2). It is concluded that combined, continuous and interval training can be applied to improve cardiometabolic indicators, each within its specific frequency, volume and intensity.(AU)

Indicadores de saúde em usuários de uma unidade básica de saúde da cidade de Santarém, Pará, Brasil / Health indicators in users of a basic health unit in the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil

Introdução: Usuários do sistema de saúde com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis devem estar em acompanhamento constante para evitar complicações em seu estado de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar os indicadores laboratoriais de saúde em usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde com e sem o diagnóstico para a diabetes e hipertensão. Métodos: A amostra foi de 231 usuários de uma unidade básica de saúde da cidade de Santarém-PA, maiores de idade, que foram agrupados em pacientes com DM/HAS (DM/HAS; n=144), e sem o diagnóstico para DM/HAS (AUS; n=87). As coletas envolveram informações socioeconômicas, clínicas e laboratoriais. Os dados foram tratados com estatística descritiva e inferencial, adotando-se p<0.05. Resultados: Tanto no DM/HAS como no AUS predominou o sexo feminino, estado civil casado, com vínculo empregatício, cor de pele parda, com 4-7 anos de estudo, renda de 1-2 salários, não tabagistas, não etilista e faixa etária de 38-77 anos. A HAS foi a doença mais presente de forma geral, bem como por sexo. Identificou-se no DM/HAS valores menores para a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) e maiores valores para a glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, LDL-c e não HDL-c. Conclusão: De acordo com a proposta desenvolvida, destaca-se que os usuários com DM/HAS apresentam associação positiva para valores alterados de glicemia, colesterol total, não HDL-c, triglicerídeos, TFG e para a presença da síndrome metabólica e risco cardiovascular moderado/alto.

Introduction: Users of the health system with chronic non-communicable diseases must be constantly monitored to avoid complications in their health status. Objective: Analyze laboratory health indicators in users of a Basic Health Unit with and without a diagnosis for diabetes and hypertension. Methods: The sample consisted of 231 users of a basic health unit in the city of Santarém-PA, all of them of age, grouped into patients with DM/SAH (DM/SAH; n=144), and without the diagnosis for DM/SAH (ABS; n=87). The collections involved socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory information. The data were treated with descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting p <0.05. Results: In both DM/SAH and ABS groups, there was a predominance of female individuals, married status, employed, brown skin color, with 4-7 years of study, income of 1-2 salaries, non-smokers, non-alcoholic drinkers, and aged between 38-77 years. SAH was the most common disease in general, as well as when analyzing by gender. Lower values for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were identified in the DM/SAH and higher values for the glycemia, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c. Conclusion: According to the proposal of this paper, it is noteworthy that users with DM/SAH have a positive association for altered values of blood glucose, total cholesterol, non-HDL-c, triglycerides, GFR, and for the presence of metabolic syndrome and moderate/high cardiovascular risk.

Serum biochemistry profile of laying hens fed diets with fish waste oil / [Parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos de poedeiras leves alimentadas com rações contendo óleo do resíduo de pescado]

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in diets for laying hens on serum biochemistry profile. 192 Hisex White laying hens at 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid. These parameters presented a decrease when hens fed diets with higher level of fish waste oil. The results of the present study indicated that the inclusion of fish waste oil caused a significant effect in the serum biochemical profile of laying hens, especially in glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations. The inclusion level of 3.5% of fish waste oil caused larger disequilibrium in the serum biochemical profile of laying hens.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os níveis crescentes de óleo de resíduo de pescado em dietas para poedeiras leves sobre o perfil bioquímico sérico. Foram utilizadas poedeiras Hisex White com 29 semanas, com água e ração ad libitum. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, consistindo de oito tratamentos correspondentes aos níveis de inclusão de óleo de resíduo de pescado (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) nas dietas, com quatro repetições de seis aves cada. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à regressão polinomial a 5% de significância. Diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas nas concentrações de triglicerídeos, glicose, colesterol total e ácido úrico. Esses parâmetros apresentaram uma diminuição quando as aves se alimentaram com rações contendo maior nível de óleo do resíduo de pescado. Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a inclusão de óleo do resíduo de pescado acarretou um efeito significativo no perfil bioquímico sérico de poedeiras, principalmente nas concentrações de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e ácido úrico. O nível de inclusão de 3,5% do óleo do resíduo de pescado acarretou maior desequilíbrio no perfil bioquímico sérico das poedeiras.(AU)

Análise do perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes com artrite psoriásica em ambulatório de reumatologia na Região Amazônica / Clinical and epidemiological profile analysis of patients with psoriatic arthritis in a rheumatology clinic in the Amazon Region

Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacien- tes portadores de artrite psoriásica de uma região brasileira. Método: Pesquisa observacional, transversal, epidemiológica e documental, baseada na coleta de dados obtidos a partir da análise de 53 prontuários de pacientes cadastrados do Ambu- latório de Reumatologia da Universidade do Estado do Pará, na Região Amazônica. Resultados: Houve predominância do padrão do tipo poliartrite simétrica, sem distinção entre os sexos, com a presença de manifestações extra-articulares, pso- ríase em placas, em uso de metotrexato em doses médias. Con- clusão: Apesar da etiopatogenia da doença ser dependente de fatores genéticos, ambientais e imunológicos e da população amazônica ser muito particular, de uma miscigenação entre eu- ropeus, ameríndios e negros, o perfil clínico e epidemiológicos dos pacientes do Ambulatório de Reumatologia da Universidade do Estado do Pará é semelhante ao das literaturas nacional e internacional.

Objective: To know the clinical and epidemiologic profile of pso- riatic arthritis patients of a Brazilian region. Method: This is an observational, cross-sectional, epidemiological, and documental study, based on the data obtained from the analysis of the medi- cal records of 53 patients registered on the Rheumatology Cli- nic of the Universidade do Estado do Pará, in the Amazon area. Results: There was a predominance of the symmetrical polyar- ticular pattern, with no sexual distinction, extra articular invol- vement, plaque psoriasis, and treatment withn methotrexate, in medium doses. Conclusion: Despite the etiopathogenesis being dependent on genetic, environmental, and immunological fac- tors, and the population of the Amazon being a mix of Europeans, Amerindians, and black people, the clinical and epidemiological profile of the patients of the Rheumatology clinic of the Univer- sidade do Estado do Pará is similar to the ones described on the national and international literature.

Relación de la actividad física medida objetivamente con dislipidemias y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares de la Región de La Araucanía / Relationship of objectively measured physical activity with dyslipidemias and cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren from Región de La Araucanía cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las dislipidemias favorecen la formación precoz de placas ateroscleróticas, aumentando el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECVs). La Actividad Física (AF) es un factor protector de ECVs, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la asociación entre AF medida objetivamente y dislipidemias en población pediátrica. METODOLOGÍA: La AF fue evaluada en 159 niños (9-13 años) de la Región de La Araucanía a través de acelerometría (ActiGraph GT3X+). Por este medio se estimó el porcentaje de AF moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) y el de conducta sedentaria (CS). Sujetos con ≥60 min de AFMV se consideraron físicamente activos según recomendación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Individuos con %CS>75° percentil fueron considerados sedentarios. El perfil lipídico fue determinado usando métodos convencionales. Fueron calculados índices de aterogenicidad TG/cHDL e índice de aterogenicidad del plasma (IAP). RESULTADOS: 37,1% presentó dislipidemia, 8% hipercolesterolemia, 19,5% hipertrigliceridemia, 6,3% cLDL elevado y 25,2% cHDL disminuido. Solo un 9,4% fueron considerados físicamente activos de acuerdo a la recomendación de la OMS. En los sujetos físicamente activos no hubo caso de dislipidemias (p= 0,032) y tampoco bajos niveles de cHDL (p= 0,013). El %AFMV estaba reducido en sujetos con cHDL bajo y se correlacionó positivamente con HDL-c (r= 0,157, p=0,048). Además, el %AFMV se correlacionó con menores valores de TG/cHDL (r= -0,193, p=0,015) e IAP (r= -0,214, p=0,006). Si bien el comportamiento sedentario no estuvo asociado con riesgo de dislipidemias, el %CS se correlacionó positivamente con niveles de glucosa (r= 0,159, p=0,044) y HOMA-IR (r= 0,178, p=0,037) y negativamente con Quicki (r= -0,160, p=0,044). CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que la AF se correlaciona a menor frecuencia de dislipidemias y la práctica de AFMV aumentaría los valores de HDL-c y reduciría los índices aterogénicos, por lo que promoverla puede significar disminuir el riesgo de ECVs en nuestra población. Además, la CS se relaciona con un aumento en valores de glucosa e índices de resistencia insulínica en escolares de la Región de La Araucanía.

Dyslipidemias cause early formation of atherosclerotic plaque, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Physical Activity (PA) is a protective factor against CVDs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between objectively measured PA with dyslipidemias in a pediatric population. METHOD: The PA was evaluated in 159 children (9-13 years old) from Región de La Araucanía using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X +). The percentage of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were estimated. Subjects with ≥60 min of MVPA were considered physically active according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO). Individuals with %SB >75th percentile were sedentary. The lipid profile was determined using conventional methods. TG/HDL-C ratio and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated. RESULTS: 37.1% presented dyslipidemia, 8% hypercholesterolemia, 19.5% hypertriglyceridemia, 6.3% elevated LDL-C and 25.2% decreased HDL-C. Only 9.4% were physically active according to the WHO recommendation. In physically active subjects where no cases of dyslipidemias (p =0.032) and no low HDL-C (p = 0.013). The %MVPA was reduced in subjects with low HDL-C and positively correlated with HDL-c (r = 0.157, p = 0.048). In addition, %MVPA was correlated with lower TG / HDL-C values (r = -0.193, p = 0.015) and AIP (r = -0.214, p = 0.006). SB was not associated with risk of dyslipidemia, % SB was positively correlated with glucose levels (r = 0.159, p = 0.044) and HOMA-IR (r = 0.178, p = 0.037) and negatively with Quicki (r = -0.160, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that PA is it correlates to a lower frequency of dyslipidemia and the practice of MVPA would increase HDL-c values and reduce atherogenic index, promoting it may been reducing the risk of CVDs in our population. In addition, the SB is related to an increase in glucose values and insulin resistance index in schoolchildren in Región de La Araucanía.

Associations of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular outcomes with climatic variations in a large Brazilian population of Campinas, São Paulo state: an eight-year study

In this eight-year retrospective study, we evaluated the associations between climatic variations and the biological rhythms in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in a large population of Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil, as well as temporal changes of outcomes of cardiovascular hospitalizations. Climatic variables were obtained at the Center for Meteorological and Climatic Research Applied to Agriculture (University of Campinas - Unicamp, Brazil). The plasma lipid databases surveyed were from 27,543 individuals who had their lipid profiles assessed at the state university referral hospital in Campinas (Unicamp). The frequency of hospitalizations was obtained from the Brazilian Public Health database (DATASUS). Temporal statistical analyses were performed using the methods Cosinor or Friedman (ARIMA) and the temporal series were compared by cross-correlation functions. In normolipidemic cases (n=11,892), significantly different rhythmicity was observed in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C) both higher in winter and lower in summer. Dyslipidemia (n=15,651) increased the number and amplitude of lipid rhythms: LDL-C and HDL-C were higher in winter and lower in summer, and the opposite occurred with triglycerides. The number of hospitalizations showed maximum and minimum frequencies in winter and in summer, respectively. A coincident rhythmicity was observed of lower temperature and humidity rates with higher plasma LDL-C, and their temporal series were inversely cross-correlated. This study shows for the first time that variations of temperature, humidity, and daylight length were strongly associated with LDL-C and HDL-C seasonality, but moderately to lowly associated with rhythmicity of atherosclerotic outcomes. It also indicates unfavorable cardiovascular-related changes during wintertime.

Correlation between estimated plasma remnant-like particle cholesterol and vegetable fat intake in Uku town, Japan

BACKGROUND@#Remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C) is highly atherogenic, which is associated with atherosclerosis. However, RLP-C has not been routinely measured in the clinical practice. We estimated RLP-C levels using conventional lipid profiles and examined the association between estimated RLP-C and related factors including nutrient intake.@*METHODS@#This study was performed in Uku town, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan in 2019. A total of 225 subjects were enrolled and directly measured RLP-C levels. Estimated RLP-C levels were defined as the following formula [total cholesterol - (LDL-cholesterol) - (HDL-cholesterol)]. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between estimated RLP-C and atherogenic factors. We calculated cut-off values on dichotomized RLP-C (< 7.5 mg/dL vs. ≥ 7.5 mg/dL) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.@*RESULTS@#The mean values of directly measured RLP-C levels and estimated RLP-C were 4.0 mg/dL and 16.4 mg/dL, respectively. In the multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, directly measured and estimated RLP-C levels were independently and commonly associated with apolipoprotein E, triglycerides, and vegetable fat intake (inversely). Using ROC curves, we found the cut-off value of estimated RLP-C was 22.0 mg/dL.@*CONCLUSION@#We demonstrated that the estimated RLP-C levels using conventional lipid profiles may substitute for directly measured RLP-C and these levels were independently and inversely associated with vegetable fat intake in the community-dwelling Japanese population.

Treatment Eligibility and Therapeutic Responses of an Ecuadorian Population at High Cardiovascular Risk Based on the ATP III Guidelines

Abstract Background The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) guidelines aim to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In Ecuador, 20% of people have high LDL cholesterol levels, and 39% have high triglyceride levels. Objective To analyze lipid-lowering regimens in Ecuadorian patients and determine the achievement rate of the ATPIII goals for lipid profile. Methods Using a retrospective analysis, 385 subjects older than 30 years, who received pharmacological treatment for dyslipidemia for at least three months was randomly selected from institutions at two large cities in Ecuador. Data were collected from patients' medical records and analyzed by chi-square test or paired t-test; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results Baseline total cholesterol values were above 200 mg/dL in 75% of subjects, LDL-c values above 129 mg/dL in 83% of subjects and triglycerides values above 150 mg/dL in 79% of subjects. Most (n = 253, 95.8%) patients at very high cardiovascular risk were taking statins, 50% of them atorvastatin. Considering the ATPIII guidelines' goals, only 24 subjects (19%) at high CV risk achieved an LDL-c < 100 mg/dl, while a significantly lower percentage (p = 0.04) of patients at very high risk reached an LDL-c < 70mg/dl (11%; n = 30). Conclusion These data indicate a low rate of compliance with the ATPIII guidelines, independent of the medication used or duration of the treatment. This may be attributed to the prescription of low doses of medication and a therapy targeting isolated lipid fractions rather than a complete lipid profile. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; 33(4):371-376)

Types I and III parotid collagen variations and serum biochemical parameters in obese rats exposed to monosodium glutamate / Variaciones de colágeno parotídeo tipos I y III y parámetros bioquímicos séricos en ratas obesas expuestas a glutamato monosódico

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to describe the effects of monosodium glutamate on the collagen of the parotid gland in an obesity model. 18 newborn male Sprague Dawley rats were used (first control group; second group of MSG1: 4 mg/g of monosodium glutamate weight, 5 doses, and third group of MSG2: 4 mg/g of monosodium glutamate, 5 doses, maintained for 8 and 16 weeks respectively). The content and type of collagen were analyzed, in addition to the levels of cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and uric acid. Monosodium glutamate produced an increase in the obesity rates of the MSG2 group, in addition to an increase in blood cholesterol, glucose and uric acid levels compared to the control group. Type III collagen in the MSG2 group showed a statistically significant increase. Monosodium glutamate induced obesity, in addition to an increase in type III collagen fibers.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los efectos del glutamato monosódico sobre el colágeno de la glándula parótida en un modelo de obesidad. Se utilizaron 18 ratas Sprague Dawley machos recién nacidas (primer grupo control; segundo grupo MSG1: 4 mg/g de peso de glutamato monosódico, 5 dosis, y tercer grupo MSG2: 4 mg/g de glutamato monosódico, 5 dosis, mantenidas durante 8 y 16 semanas respectivamente). Se analizó el contenido y el tipo de colágeno, además de los niveles de colesterol, glucosa, triglicéridos y ácido úrico. El glutamato monosódico produjo un aumento en las tasas de obesidad del grupo MSG2, además de un aumento en los niveles de colesterol en sangre, glucosa y ácido úrico en comparación con el grupo control. El colágeno tipo III en el grupo MSG2 mostró un aumento estadísticamente significativo. La obesidad inducida por glutamato monosódico, además de un aumento en las fibras de colágeno tipo III.